What is a Bond

A bond represents the debt owed by either government units or corporations. By investing in bonds, you basically become the lender to the issuers and you will be paid a specified percentage of interest.

This percentage of interest is called coupon payment and it is given to you by the issuer because of the use of your money. At the end of the maturity date, you will get back your principal.

An example to quote is the Bond Simpanan Merdeka 2008 issued by Bank Negara for the senior citizens, which has a three-year tenure and pays 5 per cent interest per year.

In Malaysia , the main issuers of public debt are the government of Malaysia ,Bank Negara Malaysia ), and quasi government institutions (Khazanah, Danamodal and Danaharta).Private debt securities and asset-backed securities are issued by the National Mortgage Corporation (Cagamas Bhd), financial institutions and non-financial corporations.

The major investors in the Malaysian bond market are the Employees Provident Fund (EPF), pension funds, insurance companies and other financial institutions.

The price of a bond is determined by many factors, with the main drivers being interest rates, inflation, maturity and credit quality.

Interest rates

Bonds are highly sensitive to interest rate fluctuations.

When the prevailing interest rate goes up higher than the coupon rate, the prices of the outstanding bonds will fall below the principal value.

If you are buying a bond fund, higher interest rates will cause lower fund prices.

Inflation

During periods of rapid economic growth, we will see increasing inflation. This will eventually lead to higher interest rates and cause a drop in the value of bonds.

Deflation, the opposite of inflation, may occur when there is a recession or prolonged periods or little or no growth and excess capacity, will eventually lead to zero or negative real interest rates, causing the value of bonds to rise.

Maturity

Due to the sensitivities to inflation and interest rate fluctuations, longer term bonds will face more uncertainties compared to shorter term bonds.

As such, longer term bonds should offer better interest payments as the additional risk premium for the investors. Nevertheless, they will suffer larger price fluctuations as a result of the longer period they take to mature.

Credit Quality

When we lend out our money, we want to make sure that we will be able to get it back.

Therefore, the credibility or credit quality of the bond issuers plays an important role in the bond price.

A corporate bond will have a higher yield than a government guaranteed bond due to the additional risk that the investor has to bear for facing the possibility of the corporate bond defaulting.

The recent global financial crisis was partly attributed to the decline in credit quality for certain corporate bonds.

Why Invest In Bonds?

Investing in bonds offers an alternative to investors to diversify their investment portfolios because it is relatively lower risk compared to stock investing.

As bonds provide periodic interest payments and repayment of principal at the end of the maturity, it will be suitable for you if your investment objective is to preserve capital and receive a predictable stream of income.

Depending on your investment time horizon, you can choose to invest in short-, medium- or long-term bonds.

However, you must understand the factors that drive the price of the bond that you
invest in.

Bond funds are combinations of various bonds, therefore, the risk of investing in bond funds is relatively lower compared to individual bonds.

What To Watch Out For When Investing In Bonds?

Watch out for the interest rate especially if it is too low or unstable.

Avoid speculative bonds. Even when you are investing in bond funds, make sure that the bonds in the portfolio are investment grade, which carries a credit rating of “BBB” and above.

Bonds with rating of “BB” and below are considered “high yield” and below investment grade.

Bonds are suitable to complement stock investing.